Metronidazole as Therapeutic Agent for Amoebiasis: An Overview

Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. Amoebiasis can cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to life-threatening colitis and liver abscesses. One of the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of amoebiasis is metronidazole.

Metronidazole is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. It is effective against a range of anaerobic bacteria, as well as certain protozoan parasites, including Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole works by disrupting the DNA of the parasites and bacteria, leading to their death.

Metronidazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of amoebiasis, as it is highly effective, well-tolerated, and relatively inexpensive. It is available in both oral and intravenous formulations, making it easy to administer.

The recommended dose of metronidazole for the treatment of amoebiasis is 500mg to 750mg orally three times daily for 5-10 days. For severe cases of amoebic colitis or liver abscesses, intravenous metronidazole may be used initially, followed by oral treatment.

The use of metronidazole in the treatment of amoebiasis is generally safe and well-tolerated, although some patients may experience mild side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In rare cases, metronidazole can cause more serious side effects, such as seizures and peripheral neuropathy.

To ensure the effectiveness of metronidazole in the treatment of amoebiasis, it is important to adhere to the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment. Patients should also be advised to avoid alcohol while taking metronidazole, as this can cause a disulfiram-like reaction.

In conclusion, metronidazole is a highly effective and safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of amoebiasis. It is widely available, relatively inexpensive, and well-tolerated by most patients. However, as with any medication, it is important to follow the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment and to monitor for any potential side effects.

Amoebiasis: Pharmacotherapy - Pharmacology

Amoebiasis: Pharmacotherapy & Classification of amebicidal agents - Pharmacology The video discusses the pharmacotherapy of amebiasis and classifies the therapeutic agents into three categories: luminal amebicides, systemic amebicides, and mixed amebicides. The video begins by highlighting the importance of luminal amebicides in eradicating asymptomatic colonization of trophozoites in the intestinal lumen, which is necessary to prevent the recurrence of the disease. The luminal amebicides discussed in the video are iodoquinol, diloxanide furoate, and paromomycin, with paromomycin being the most effective agent in this class. The video then moves on to systemic amebicides, which are effective against the amoebas in the intestinal wall and liver. Chloroquine and Dehydroemetine are discussed in this category, with Chloroquine being the most widely used agent and effective against a hepatic abscess but not useful for luminal amoebiasis. Dehydroemetine has some toxicities that limit its use, and the intramuscular form is preferred over the oral form. Finally, the video discusses mixed amebicides, which are effective against both systemic and luminal amoebas. Metronidazole, widely known as Flagyl, is the mixed amebicide of choice for treating amebic infections and is also used to treat other diseases caused by other protozoans and anaerobic bacteria. Tinidazole is another agent in this class, similar to metronidazole in the spectrum of activity and adverse effects. Overall, the video provides a detailed overview of the pharmacotherapy of amebiasis, including the classification of different agents and their modes of action. Thanks for watching & do support us. COVERED TOPICS 0:00 Intro 0:10 Diagram from previous video (amoebiasis) 0:25 Classification of amoebicidal agents 0:40 Luminal amoebicides 2:10 Systemic amoebicides 3:20 Mixed amoebicides 4:10 End LINKS: Also, watch Amoebiasis: Life cycle, Types & Pharmacotherapy - Pharmacology https://youtu.be/-n80uxtD8KA Parasympathomimetics: Clinical Uses & Classification of Direct Acting Cholinergic Drugs https://youtu.be/Uhp_GivuSQg Cholinergic Drugs: Pharmacological actions of Parasympathomimetics, Direct acting drugs https://youtu.be/XxeitbKE68w Cholinergic drugs | Parasympathomimetics classification and mechanism of action - Pharmacology https://youtu.be/0ylQGye76xc Cholinergic transmission | acetylcholine synthesis & metabolism | cholinergic drugs | pharmacology https://youtu.be/PBsCl95X3DI Support us on: Facebook https://web.facebook.com/MK-MediGuide-Lectures-103055758022942/?view_public_for=103055758022942 #MKMediguide #mediguide #amoebiasis #amebiasis #entameba #amebicdysentry #ameba #amoeba

Cholinergic drugs | Parasympathomimetics classification and mechanism of...

Cholinergic drugs - 01 | Parasympathomimetics classification and mechanism of action - Pharmacology This video is all about Cholinomimetics also known as Cholinergic agonists, Parasympathomimetics, parasympathetic agonists, cholinergic receptor agonists. these are the agents which mimic or produce action like that of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation and that's why called parasympathomimetics. they are named cholinomimetics, as these agents show action like that of acetylcholine. acetylcholine is an acetylated choline molecule that normally functions as a neurotransmitter in our body. cholinergic drugs are classified as direct-acting drugs and indirect-acting drugs. direct-acting drugs or agonists bind directly to cholinergic receptors such as muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors, show their actions. while the indirect-acting agonists bind to and inhibit the action of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme present in the synaptic cleft that metabolizes acetylcholine and terminates its action. by inhibiting this enzyme the acetylcholine concentration rises in the synaptic cleft and thus activates all cholinoceptors that is muscarinic receptors and nicotinic cholinoceptors.

the direct-acting agonists are further classified as muscarinic agonists, nicotinic agonists, and mixed agonists. the muscarinic agonists specifically bind to muscarinic receptors and show their actions, while the nicotinic agonists bind to nicotinic receptors only and show their action, in contrast, the mixed agonists bind to both cholinoceptors and show their effects. the indirect-acting agonists are further classified on the basis of the interaction between the enzyme and the cholinergic agonists. and these are classified as reversible indirect-acting agonists and irreversible indirect-acting agonists. the reversible agents bind to the enzyme for a short period of time and leave the enzyme functional again, while the irreversible acting agents form a strong covalent bond with the enzyme which is not reversible. COVERED TOPICS PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS also known as cholinomimetics, cholinergic agonists, cholinergic receptors agonists, acetylcholine receptors agonists, parasympathetic drugs, parasympathetic agonists. 1. parasympathomimetics classification 1.1. direct-acting agonists 1.1.1. muscarinic agonists 1.1.2. nicotinic agonists 1.1.3. Mixed agonists 1.2. Indirect acting agonists 1.2.1. Reversible acting agonists 1.2.2. Irreversible acting agonists 2. Mechanism of action of parasympathomimetics or cholinergic drugs 2.1. Mechanism of action of muscarinic agonists 2.2. Mechanism of action of nicotinic agonists 2.3. Mechanism of action of mixed agonists 2.4. Mechanism of action of reversible agonists 2.5. Mechanism of action of irreversible agonists LINKS: Also, watch Cholinergic transmission | acetylcholine synthesis & metabolism | cholinergic drugs | pharmacology https://youtu.be/PBsCl95X3DI Cholinergic receptors | Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors - Pharmacology https://youtu.be/uQ4ILypFKog sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system - Pharmacology https://youtu.be/U7qbF42G6kA Sympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system | Nervous system - pharmacology https://youtu.be/aI4yub5GMF0 Autonomic nervous system | nervous system pharmacology | ANS- sympathetic & parasympathetic https://youtu.be/8zkEknWiEj0 Support us on: Facebook https://web.facebook.com/MK-MediGuide... ==================================================================== #MKMediguide #mediguide #cholinomimetics #CholinergicAgonists #CholinerReceptorsAgonists #acetylcholineReceptorsAgonists #pharmacology #Parasympathomimetics #MucarinicAgonists #NicotinicAgonists

Cholinergic receptors | Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors - Pharmacology

Cholinergic receptors | Muscarinic and Nicotinic receptors - Pharmacology This video is all about the Cholinergic receptors ( Cholinoceptors ) and their subtypes. cholinergic receptors are those receptors to which neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds and show its pharmacological action. these cholinergic receptors are found mainly in the Nervous system but also present throughout the body and they are concerned with different functions in our body, which is all discussed in this video. cholinergic receptor ( cholinoceptors ) are mainly divided into two classes is the muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors, based on their affinity for different agonists to which these receptors respond. for example, the muscarinic receptors have a high affinity for muscarine beside acetylcholine while the nicotinic receptors have a high affinity for nicotine beside acetylcholine. nicotine is an alkaloid of tobacco. muscarine also binds to nicotinic but have a low affinity and same is the case with nicotine which can also bind to muscarinic receptors but have a low affinity for it. The muscarinic receptors are further divided into the M1 ( neuronal muscarinic receptors ), M2 ( cardiac muscarinic receptors ), M3 ( smooth and glandular muscarinic receptors ), M4 and M5 receptors. The nicotinic receptors are also divided into neuronal nicotinic or Nn receptors and Neuromuscular nicotinic or Nm receptors. COVERED TOPICS: 1. Cholinergic receptor or Cholinoceptors 1.1 Classification of cholinergic receptors or acetylcholine receptors 1.2 Signal transduction pathway of cholinergic receptors 1.3 Locations of cholinergic receptors ( acetylcholine receptors or cholinoceptors ) in the human body 1.3 Musacarinic receptors location and related effects when stimulated 1.3.1 M1 receptors or neuronal muscarinic receptors location and resultant effects 1.3.4 M2 receptors or cardiac muscarinic receptors location and effects 1.3.5 M3 muscarinic receptors or smooth and glandular muscarinic receptors location and effect 1.3.6 M4 and M5 muscarinic receptors 1.4 Nicotinic receptors 1.4.1 Neuronal nicotinic or Nn receptors 1.4.2 Neuromuscular nicotinic or Nm receptors LINKS: Also, watch sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system - Pharmacology https://youtu.be/U7qbF42G6kA Sympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system | Nervous system - pharmacology https://youtu.be/aI4yub5GMF0 Autonomic nervous system | nervous system pharmacology | ANS- sympathetic & parasympathetic https://youtu.be/8zkEknWiEj0 Nervous system | Divisions of the nervous system | CNS & PNS divisions https://youtu.be/3h5vEFTZ6Vc cerebrum | Lobes and physiologic regions of the cerebrum https://youtu.be/63ibcfOZtpw Support us on: Facebook https://web.facebook.com/MK-MediGuide-Lectures-103055758022942/?view_public_for=103055758022942 ==================================================================== #MKMediguide #mediguide #paraympatheticNervousSystem #CholinergicReceptors #Cholinoceptors #acetylcholineReceptors #pharmacology #anatomy #MucarinicReceptors #NicotinicReceptors

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system...

Sympathetic nervous system vs parasympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system - Pharmacology In this video lecture we have discussed the main differences between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. the sympathetic system is also known as the fight or flight response and prepare us for stressful and emergency situations, as well as for exercise. in contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system is known as the rest and digest response. parasympathetic response predominate the sympathetic nervous system in situation like when we are eating or lying down. For more knowledge about the sympathetic, parasympathetic and autonomic nervous system watch our previous videos on these nervous system divisions. LINKS: Also watch parasympathetic nervous system https://youtu.be/g0TPyMoPP0g Sympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system | Nervous system - pharmacology https://youtu.be/aI4yub5GMF0 Autonomic nervous system | nervous system pharmacology | ANS- sympathetic & parasympathetic https://youtu.be/8zkEknWiEj0 Nervous system | Divisions of the nervous system | CNS & PNS divisions https://youtu.be/3h5vEFTZ6Vc cerebrum | Lobes and physiologic regions of the cerebrum https://youtu.be/63ibcfOZtpw Support us on: Facebook https://web.facebook.com/MK-MediGuide-Lectures-103055758022942/?view_public_for=103055758022942 Twitter https://www.twitter.com/Maazkha55086767 ==================================================================== #MKMediguide #mediguide #paraympatheticNervousSystem #AutonomicNervousSystem #parasympatheticNerves #NervousSystem #pharmacology #anatomy #ySmpatheticVsParasympatheticNervousSystem

Parasympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system - Pharmacology

parasympathetic nervous system pharmacology

Sympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system | Nervous system -...

Sympathetic nervous system | Autonomic nervous system | Nervous system - pharmacology This video is all about the sympathetic nervous system. the sympathetic nervous system along with the parasympathetic nervous system is divisions of the autonomic nervous system. the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system mutually are called the peripheral nervous system. and this peripheral nervous system is the division of our nervous system along with the central nervous system. the sympathetic nervous system prepares us for energy expending, stressful and emergency situations as well as prepares us for doing exercise. the sympathetic division is also known as "the fight or flight response" and "thoracolumbar division" the sympathetic nervous system innervates many organs of our body like eyes, salivary glands, heart, lungs, spleen, stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, adrenal gland, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. the sympathetic may activate or inhibit the functions of the organs depending upon the organ and the receptors on that organ. COVERED TOPICS 1. Autonomic nervous system 1.1 Sympathetic nervous system aka thoracolumbar division & fight or flight response 1.2.1 Organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system discussed in this video are 1.2.1 eye 1.2.2 salivary glands 1.2.3 heart 1.2.4 lungs 1.2.5 spleen 1.2.6 stomach 1.2.7 small and large intestines 1.2.8 kidneys 1.2.9 adrenal gland 1.2.10 urinary bladder 1.2.12 reproductive organs 1.3 how these above organs respond when are get sympathetic impulses 1.4 general discussion on the preganglionic and postganglionic fibres of sympathetic division.